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Signal Electromigration (Signal EM): Violations, Examples, and Practical Fixes

  Hello Dear Readers,   Today in this post, I will provide some deep insight into the Signal Electromigration (Signal EM): Violations, Examples, and Practical Fixes. 1. Introduction: As technology nodes shrink into the deep‑submicron and nanometer regime (7nm, 5nm, 3nm and beyond), electromigration (EM) has become a first‑order reliability concern—not only for power/ground (PG) networks but also for signal nets. Signal EM failures are often underestimated because signal currents are transient and bidirectional. However, with higher switching activity, tighter metal pitches, thinner wires, and aggressive timing closure, signal EM can cause latent or early‑life failures if not addressed properly. This article explains: What Signal EM is and how it differs from PG EM Typical Signal EM violation scenarios Detailed, practical examples Root causes behind each violation Proven solutions and best practices to fix and prevent Signal EM issues 2. What is Signal Electromigration: El...
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CMOS Logic Gates Using Verilog HDL

  CMOS Logic Gate Design 

Hello Dear Readers,

This section describes how to used a low-level CMOS transistor to design basic digital logic gates and its implementation in Verilog HDL.

In CMOS technology, both PMOS as well as NMOS transistors, are used. PMOS is active when the input signal will be 0(Low) level, and NMOS is active when the input signal will be 1(High) level. In below figures show the basic design of the CMOS inverter, NAND, NOR gates. We know if we made AND or OR gate from NAND or NOR respectively, then we need two more transistors of the inverter. That's why we see in the gate array chips contain an array of the universal gates only.




In the below section, I have written the whole Verilog code of all the gates with testbench code.

Verilog Code:

module CMOS_Gates(input a,b,output f,f1,f2
    );
supply1 vdd;
supply0 gnd;
wire w1,w2;

//NOT gate
// pmos (drain, source, gate);
pmos t1 (f, vdd, a);
// nmos (drain, source, gate);
nmos t2 (f, gnd, a);

//NAND gate

// pmos (drain, source, gate);
pmos t3 (f1, vdd, a);
pmos t4 (f1, vdd, b);
// nmos (drain, source, gate);
nmos t5 (f1, w_n, a);
nmos t6 (w1, gnd, b);

//NOR gate

// nmos (drain, source, gate);
nmos t7 (f2, gnd, a);
nmos t8 (f2, gnd, b);
// pmos (drain, source, gate);
pmos t9 (w2, vdd, a);
pmos t10 (f2, w2, b);

endmodule

module tb();
reg a,b;
wire f;
CMOS_Gates DUT (a,b,f,f1,f2);
initial 
begin
   a=0; b=1;
#1 a=1; b=0;
#1 a=0; b=1;
#1 $finish;
end
initial 
begin
$monitor("%2d:\ta = %b\tb=%b\tf = %b\tf1 = %b\tf2 = %b",$time,a,b,f,f1,f2);
end
endmodule
 
Here supply0, supply1, pmos, and nmos are keywords that stand for ground, power supply, PMOS transistor, and NMOS transistor, respectively. Here testbench program is also written with an input signal a,b, and output f,f1,f2 is corresponding to the NOT, NAND, NOR gate.

Thanks for Reading,
If you have any doubts related to this Verilog code, just write them in the comments. I will be giving a reply as soon as possible.



Labels:
Location: India

Comments

  1. Anonymous5 January 2021 at 05:15

    Wow sir great start keep it up.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Unknown6 January 2021 at 04:18

    Good sir now we are waiting project type code🤗🤗🤗🤗🤗🤗🤗

    ReplyDelete
  3. Anonymous9 January 2021 at 19:01

    Nice post

    ReplyDelete

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