Hello Dear Readers, Today in this post, I will provide some deep insight into the Signal Electromigration (Signal EM): Violations, Examples, and Practical Fixes. 1. Introduction: As technology nodes shrink into the deep‑submicron and nanometer regime (7nm, 5nm, 3nm and beyond), electromigration (EM) has become a first‑order reliability concern—not only for power/ground (PG) networks but also for signal nets. Signal EM failures are often underestimated because signal currents are transient and bidirectional. However, with higher switching activity, tighter metal pitches, thinner wires, and aggressive timing closure, signal EM can cause latent or early‑life failures if not addressed properly. This article explains: What Signal EM is and how it differs from PG EM Typical Signal EM violation scenarios Detailed, practical examples Root causes behind each violation Proven solutions and best practices to fix and prevent Signal EM issues 2. What is Signal Electromigration: El...
Hello Dear Readers, Today In this post I have designed a carry-lookahead adder design and implemented its parametrized version using Verilog HDL and analysis that design for the desire output. First of all, I have designed CLA based on the theory described in the below video of the Neso Academy. Verilog Code: module add (a, b, c, g, p, s); // adder and g, p input a, b, c; // inputs: a, b, c; output g, p, s; // outputs: g, p, s; assign s=a ^ b ^ c; // output: sum of inputs assign g = a & b; // output: carry generator assign p = a | b; // output: carry propagator endmodule module gp (g,p,c_in,g_out,p_out,c_out); // carry generator, carry propagator input [1:0] g, p; // lower level 2-set of g, p input c_in; // lower level carry_in output g_out,p_out,c_out; // higher level g, p, carry_out assign g_out = g[1] | p[1] & g[0]; // higher level carry generator assign p_out = p[1] & p[0]; // higher level carry propagator assign c_out = g[0] | p[0] & c_in...