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Signal Electromigration (Signal EM): Violations, Examples, and Practical Fixes

  Hello Dear Readers,   Today in this post, I will provide some deep insight into the Signal Electromigration (Signal EM): Violations, Examples, and Practical Fixes. 1. Introduction: As technology nodes shrink into the deep‑submicron and nanometer regime (7nm, 5nm, 3nm and beyond), electromigration (EM) has become a first‑order reliability concern—not only for power/ground (PG) networks but also for signal nets. Signal EM failures are often underestimated because signal currents are transient and bidirectional. However, with higher switching activity, tighter metal pitches, thinner wires, and aggressive timing closure, signal EM can cause latent or early‑life failures if not addressed properly. This article explains: What Signal EM is and how it differs from PG EM Typical Signal EM violation scenarios Detailed, practical examples Root causes behind each violation Proven solutions and best practices to fix and prevent Signal EM issues 2. What is Signal Electromigration: El...
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Verilog Code of 4bit BCD Adder Using Full Adder

 Hello Dear Readers,

Today in this post I will be providing you a complete Verilog code of 4 Bit BCD Adder using the Full Adder instant model. So before the start, the code keep in mind the algorithms for the BCD adder is if the additional sum is greater than 9 will become up then we add 6 on it to make a valid BCD number so here in my code I have used this algorithm so keep in mind.

Verilog Code:

module bcd_4bit(input [3:0] x,y,input cy_in,output [3:0] sum,output carry,output [4:0] bcd_sum);

add4 a1 (carry,sum,x,y,cy_in);
assign bcd_sum=carry==1?{carry,(sum+4'b0110)}:sum;
endmodule

module add4(cy4,sum,x,y,cy_in
    );
input [3:0] x,y;
input cy_in;
output [3:0] sum;
output cy4;
wire [2:0] carry_out;
add b0(carry_out[0],sum[0],x[0],y[0],cy_in);
add b1(carry_out[1],sum[1],x[1],y[1],carry_out[0]);
add b2(carry_out[2],sum[2],x[2],y[2],carry_out[1]);
add b3(cy4,sum[3],x[3],y[3],carry_out[2]);
endmodule

module add(carry_out,sum,a,b,cy_in
    );
input a,b,cy_in;
output carry_out,sum;
sum s1(sum,a,b,cy_in);
carry c1(carry_out,a,b,cy_in);
endmodule

module sum(sum,a,b,cy_in
    );
input a,b,cy_in;
output sum;
wire t1;
xor g1(t,a,b);
xor g2(sum,t,cy_in);
endmodule

module carry(cy4,a,b,cy_in
    );
input a,b,cy_in;
output cy4;
wire w1,w2,w3;
and g3(w1,a,b);
and g4(w2,b,cy_in);
and g5(w3,a,cy_in);
or g6(cy4,w1,w2,w3);
endmodule

Simulational Results:




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Comments

  1. Anonymous17 March 2021 at 23:49

    Thanks sir it will be helpful me to design 16 bit BCD adder.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Anonymous23 March 2021 at 20:26

    Great post I hope you enjoying by writing it is really hard specifically current time ☺️☺️☺️☺️

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION HUBS23 March 2021 at 20:30

      Thanks for understanding I am motivating by people's like you to write more and more so keep it up from yourside also.

      Delete
    2. Anonymous23 March 2021 at 20:46

      Yes bro yes I am regularly read your post.

      Delete
  3. Anonymous7 April 2021 at 22:29

    Good post bro which college is prefer for VLSI can you guide me.
    Thanks in advance

    ReplyDelete

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