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Signal Electromigration (Signal EM): Violations, Examples, and Practical Fixes

  Hello Dear Readers,   Today in this post, I will provide some deep insight into the Signal Electromigration (Signal EM): Violations, Examples, and Practical Fixes. 1. Introduction: As technology nodes shrink into the deep‑submicron and nanometer regime (7nm, 5nm, 3nm and beyond), electromigration (EM) has become a first‑order reliability concern—not only for power/ground (PG) networks but also for signal nets. Signal EM failures are often underestimated because signal currents are transient and bidirectional. However, with higher switching activity, tighter metal pitches, thinner wires, and aggressive timing closure, signal EM can cause latent or early‑life failures if not addressed properly. This article explains: What Signal EM is and how it differs from PG EM Typical Signal EM violation scenarios Detailed, practical examples Root causes behind each violation Proven solutions and best practices to fix and prevent Signal EM issues 2. What is Signal Electromigration: El...
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Verilog HDL Coding Practice Question

 Hello Dear Readers, 

Today first time we will go to the pages part in which I will post differents types of practice questions that are more frequently asked by the interviewer.

Q-1:

See the verilog code I and II and explain what kind of dissimilarity is in between it and which code removes the glitches at the output and why.

Code-I:

module MUX2_1(input a,b,sel, output out);

wire sel_b,a1,b1;

not g1(sel_b,sel);

and g2(a1,a,sel_b);

and g3(b1,b,sel);

or  g4(out,a1,b1);

endmodule


Code-II:

module MUX2_1(input a,b,sel, output out);

wire sel_b,a1,b1,ab;

not g1(sel_b,sel);

and g2(a1,a,sel_b);

and g3(b1,b,sel);

and g4(ab,a1,b1);

or  g5(out,a1,b1,ab);

endmodule

Write down your answer in the comments and we will discuss it.

Q-2: In which conditions latches are created during RTL coding.


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Comments

  1. Anonymous5 November 2021 at 21:35

    Both code are same !!!

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION HUBS5 November 2021 at 21:37

      Yes sorry now it has updated and thanks for feedback

      Delete
    2. Anonymous6 November 2021 at 00:15

      Ok sir now second code I think cancel the glitches.

      Delete
    3. Anonymous16 November 2021 at 21:02

      Answer of the second question is I think incomplete sensitivity list,case statement if we forgot any conditions etc ...

      Delete
  2. Anonymous6 November 2021 at 00:14

    First code because it is contain last or gate logic so output is avoid static hazards.

    ReplyDelete
  3. Anonymous6 November 2021 at 02:41

    First code is cancelled glitches

    ReplyDelete
  4. Anonymous6 November 2021 at 04:30

    First code avoid glitches

    ReplyDelete
  5. Anonymous6 November 2021 at 05:31

    Second code glitches free because of last AND gate logic.

    ReplyDelete
  6. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION HUBS16 November 2021 at 23:44

    First code cancel glitches and for second question if we not used all possibility inside case statements.

    ReplyDelete
  7. T MAHIPAL REDDY8 January 2022 at 21:05

    Latches are created during if any case is not declared and not even matches with default stmt

    ReplyDelete

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