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Signal Electromigration (Signal EM): Violations, Examples, and Practical Fixes

  Hello Dear Readers,   Today in this post, I will provide some deep insight into the Signal Electromigration (Signal EM): Violations, Examples, and Practical Fixes. 1. Introduction: As technology nodes shrink into the deep‑submicron and nanometer regime (7nm, 5nm, 3nm and beyond), electromigration (EM) has become a first‑order reliability concern—not only for power/ground (PG) networks but also for signal nets. Signal EM failures are often underestimated because signal currents are transient and bidirectional. However, with higher switching activity, tighter metal pitches, thinner wires, and aggressive timing closure, signal EM can cause latent or early‑life failures if not addressed properly. This article explains: What Signal EM is and how it differs from PG EM Typical Signal EM violation scenarios Detailed, practical examples Root causes behind each violation Proven solutions and best practices to fix and prevent Signal EM issues 2. What is Signal Electromigration: El...
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Design of the Single Cycle Microprocessor Using Verilog HDL

Hello Dear Readers,

Here I have uploaded my designed single cycle 8-bit CISC microprocessor using Verilog HDL. So Let's see and try your own as per your specification.
 
First of all, as we know CISC microprocessor has separate instruction memory and data memory so here I have make two text file for that and then designed one by one block of the microprocessor such as clock generation, ALU(Arithmetic Logical Unit), File reading as well as writing back, ...etc.

Verilog Code:

module microprocessor1();
reg reset;
reg clock;
reg [7:0] Dmem[0:255];// data memory array for the data file stored
reg [31:0] Imem[0:255];// instruction memory array for the instruction stored
reg [7:0] pc; // 8-bit program counter
reg [31:0] instruction; // 32-bit Instruction Register
reg [7:0] opcode; // 8-bit opcode
reg [7:0] destAddr; // 8-bit Destination Address
reg [7:0] src1Addr; // 8-bit Source Address #1
reg [7:0] src2Addr; // 8-bit Source Address #2
reg [7:0] src1Data; // 8-bit Source Data #1
reg [7:0] src2Data; // 8-bit Source Data #2
reg [7:0] Result; // 8-bit Result Data
reg [7:0] braAddr; // 8-bit Relative Branch address
integer outfile1;
integer i;

// define mnemonics of the designed microprocessor
//`define ADD 8'b00000000
//`define SUB 8'b00000001
//`define MUL 8'b00000010
//`define DIV 8'b00000011
//`define BRA 8'b00000100

integer clock_period=50;
/****************************************************************************
clcok generation block
*****************************************************************************/
initial 
begin 
 clock=1'b0;
 reset=1'b0;
 end 
always
#(clock_period/2)  clock=~clock;
always
#10000 reset=~reset;


/*******************************************************************************
Designing of the Microprocessor Model
*******************************************************************************/
always @(posedge clock or posedge reset) begin
if(reset)
begin // Reset Sequence is genereted here for disable opreration aswell as reset program counter
disable fetch_and_execute;
pc=0;
end
else begin : fetch_and_execute // Fetch and execute instructions
instruction=Imem[pc];
// we divided the instruction register for the performing operation according to the instruction which is given
opcode=instruction[31:24]; // Get Opcode
destAddr=instruction[23:16]; // Get Destination Data Address
src1Addr=instruction[15:8]; // Get Source Data Address #1
src2Addr=instruction[7:0]; // Get Source Data Address #2
braAddr=instruction[23:16]; // Get relative address for BRA instruction
case(opcode)
//`ADD:
8'b00000000:
begin
$display("ADD INSTRUCTION:");
src1Data=Dmem[src1Addr]; // Get Data Operands
src2Data=Dmem[src2Addr];
Result=src1Data+src2Data; // Calculate Result
Dmem[destAddr]=Result; // Write Result data
#(clock_period) pc=pc+1; // ADD instruction takes one clock cycle
end
//`SUB:
8'b00000001:
begin
$display("SUB INSTRUCTION:");
src1Data=Dmem[src1Addr]; // Get Data Operands
src2Data=Dmem[src2Addr];
Result=src1Data-src2Data; // Calculate Result
Dmem[destAddr]=Result; // Write Result data
#(clock_period) pc=pc+1; // SUB instruction takes one clock cycle
end
//`MUL:
8'b00000010:
begin
$display("MUL INSTRUCTION:");
src1Data=Dmem[src1Addr]; // Get Data Operands
src2Data=Dmem [src2Addr];
Result=src1Data*src2Data; // Calculate Result
Dmem[destAddr]=Result; // Write Result Data
// MUL instruction takes three clock cycles
#(3*clock_period) pc=pc+1;
end
//DIV:
8'b00000011:
begin
$display("DIV INSTRUCTION:");
src1Data=Dmem[src1Addr];
src2Data=Dmem[src2Addr];
Result=src1Data/src2Data;
Dmem[destAddr]=Result;
// DIV instruction takes three clock cycles
#(3*clock_period) pc=pc+1; // increment program counter
end
//`BRA:
8'b00000100:
begin
$display("BRA INSTRUCTION:");
 // BRA instruction takes two clock cycles
#(2*clock_period) pc=pc+braAddr; // calculate new program counter
end
endcase
end
end
/****************************************************************************
Display the updation of the status of the microprocessor
****************************************************************************/
initial
begin
// Display a header for the test Output
$display("\t PROG DEST SRC1 SRC2 SRC1 SRC2 RESULT");
$display("\t TIME RESET CNTR OPCODE ADDR ADDR ADDR DATA DATA DATA");
$display("\t---- ---- ---- ------ ---- ---- ---- ---- ------\n");
// Display Results at every clock edge
forever @(posedge clock)
$display ("\t %0d \t %b %h %h %h %h %h %h %h %h",
$time,reset,pc,opcode,destAddr,src1Addr,src2Addr,src1Data,src2Data, Result);
end
/******************************************************************************
Initialized and the sun after writing the assembly level data and the instruction text file
******************************************************************************/
initial
begin
$readmemh("instruction.txt",Imem); // Initialize instruction memory
$readmemh("data.txt",Dmem); // Initialize data memory
#(256*clock_period);
outfile1=$fopen("data.txt","w");
 for (i = 0; i<256; i=i+1) begin
   $fwrite(outfile1,"%d\n",Dmem[i]);  //write as decimal in the data memory file after performed operation as per code
 end 
$fclose(outfile1);
end
endmodule 

Simulational Results:

Here I wrote instruction hex code in the text file that will be fetching and decoding and corresponding data will be taken from the data memory and store back the results. 


 

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Comments

  1. Anonymous12 February 2021 at 20:52

    Thank you sir and expecting more well����������������

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION HUBS12 February 2021 at 21:16

      Thanks and yes I will try to updating more and more advanced this site

      Delete
  2. Anonymous12 February 2021 at 23:06

    Good starting bro and we will waiting more and more keep it up

    ReplyDelete
  3. Anonymous12 February 2021 at 23:52

    This platform definitely will be ideal place for VLSI learner!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION HUBS12 February 2021 at 23:56

      yes Sir/Madam i will try to make it definitely and thanks for supporting

      Delete
  4. Anonymous13 February 2021 at 19:09

    Great post Nishit I am radhu your internship friend. Keep it up !!!!!!

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION HUBS16 February 2021 at 03:32

      Yaah radhu thanks for reading and try to contact me on nishitnathwani97@gmail.com

      Delete

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