Hello Dear Readers, Today in this post, I will provide some deep insight into the Signal Electromigration (Signal EM): Violations, Examples, and Practical Fixes. 1. Introduction: As technology nodes shrink into the deep‑submicron and nanometer regime (7nm, 5nm, 3nm and beyond), electromigration (EM) has become a first‑order reliability concern—not only for power/ground (PG) networks but also for signal nets. Signal EM failures are often underestimated because signal currents are transient and bidirectional. However, with higher switching activity, tighter metal pitches, thinner wires, and aggressive timing closure, signal EM can cause latent or early‑life failures if not addressed properly. This article explains: What Signal EM is and how it differs from PG EM Typical Signal EM violation scenarios Detailed, practical examples Root causes behind each violation Proven solutions and best practices to fix and prevent Signal EM issues 2. What is Signal Electromigration: El...
Introduction to Low Power in the VLSI Chip Design and Techniques for Switching and Leakage Power Reduction
Hello Dear Readers, Today in this series of posts I will provide some deep insight into low-power VLSI design flow and the different techniques to reduce different components of power consumption. It’s no secret that power is emerging as the most critical issue in system-on-chip (SoC) design today. Power management is becoming an increasingly urgent problem for almost every category of design, as power density—measured in watts per square millimeter—rises at an alarming rate. From a chip-engineering perspective, effective energy management for an SoC must be built into the design starting at the architecture stage; and low-power techniques need to be employed at every stage of the design, from RTL to GDSII flow. Fred Pollack of Intel first noted a rather alarming trend in his keynote at MICRO-32 in 1999. He made the now well-known observation that power density is increasing at an alarming rate, approaching that of the hottest man-made objects on the planet, an...