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Signal Electromigration (Signal EM): Violations, Examples, and Practical Fixes

  Hello Dear Readers,   Today in this post, I will provide some deep insight into the Signal Electromigration (Signal EM): Violations, Examples, and Practical Fixes. 1. Introduction: As technology nodes shrink into the deep‑submicron and nanometer regime (7nm, 5nm, 3nm and beyond), electromigration (EM) has become a first‑order reliability concern—not only for power/ground (PG) networks but also for signal nets. Signal EM failures are often underestimated because signal currents are transient and bidirectional. However, with higher switching activity, tighter metal pitches, thinner wires, and aggressive timing closure, signal EM can cause latent or early‑life failures if not addressed properly. This article explains: What Signal EM is and how it differs from PG EM Typical Signal EM violation scenarios Detailed, practical examples Root causes behind each violation Proven solutions and best practices to fix and prevent Signal EM issues 2. What is Signal Electromigration: El...
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Functions And Tasks In Verilog

 Hello Dear Readers,

Today, I will explain how functions and tasks are used in Verilog to make our lengthy code highly optimized.

Task and functions are used in the Verilog to describe the commonly used functional behavior. Instead of replicating the same code at different places, it is good and common practice to use the functions or tasks depending on the requirement. For easy maintenance of the code, it is better to use the functions or tasks like the subroutine. Let's see the example below for a better understanding.

1). Counting 1’s from the Given String Using Functions:

The following are the key important points that need to remember while using the function: 

1. Function can not consists of the time control statements and even delay operators.

2. Function can have at least one input argument declaration. 

3. Function can consist of function calls but function cannot consist of the task. 

4. Function executes in zero simulation time and returns a single value when called. 

5. It is not recommended to use the function while writing the synthesizable Verilog RTL. 

6. Functions are used for writing the behavioral or simulatable model. 

7. Functions should not have nonblocking assignments.

In this example, the function is used with the argument ‘‘data_in’’. The name of the function is ‘‘count_1s_in_byte’’. In most of the protocol descriptions, it is required to perform some operations on the input string. In this example, the string is an 8-bit input ‘‘data_in’’ and output result is 4-bit ‘‘out’’. Here code is parameterized so we can extend it to any number of bits of string. It is not recommended to use the function to generate synthesized logic.

Verilog Code:

module count_one #(parameter N=8)(data_in,out);

input [N-1:0] data_in;

output reg [N-5:0] out;

always @(data_in)

out=count_1s_in_string(data_in);


function [N-5:0] count_1s_in_string;

  input [N-1:0] data_in;

  integer i;

begin  

  count_1s_in_string=0;

 for(i=0;i<N;i=i+1)

  if(data_in[i]==1) count_1s_in_string=count_1s_in_string+1;

end

endfunction  

endmodule

2). Counting 1’s from the Given String Using Tasks:
The following are key important points that need to remember while using the task: 
1. Task can consist of the time control statements and even delay operators. 

2. Task can have input and output declarations. 

3. Task can consist of function calls but function cannot consist of the task. 

4. Task can have output argument and not be used to return the value when called. 

5. Task can be used to call other tasks. 

6. It is not recommended to use the task while writing the synthesizable Verilog RTL. 

7. Tasks are used for writing the behavioral or simulatable model.

Verilog Code:

module count_one #(parameter N=8)(data_in,out);

input [N-1:0] data_in;

output reg [N-5:0] out;

always @(data_in)

count_1s_in_string(data_in,out);


task count_1s_in_string;

  input [N-1:0] data_in;

  output reg [N-5:0] out;

  integer i;

begin  

  out=0;

 for(i=0;i<N;i=i+1)

  if(data_in[i]==1) out=out+1;

end

endtask  

endmodule

Simulational Results:





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Comments

  1. Anonymous3 September 2021 at 07:56

    Easy explanation

    ReplyDelete
  2. Anonymous3 September 2021 at 21:40

    Your site is last end point of our search. Keep it up

    ReplyDelete

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