Hello Dear Readers, Today in this post, I will provide some deep insight into the Signal Electromigration (Signal EM): Violations, Examples, and Practical Fixes. 1. Introduction: As technology nodes shrink into the deep‑submicron and nanometer regime (7nm, 5nm, 3nm and beyond), electromigration (EM) has become a first‑order reliability concern—not only for power/ground (PG) networks but also for signal nets. Signal EM failures are often underestimated because signal currents are transient and bidirectional. However, with higher switching activity, tighter metal pitches, thinner wires, and aggressive timing closure, signal EM can cause latent or early‑life failures if not addressed properly. This article explains: What Signal EM is and how it differs from PG EM Typical Signal EM violation scenarios Detailed, practical examples Root causes behind each violation Proven solutions and best practices to fix and prevent Signal EM issues 2. What is Signal Electromigration: El...
Hello Dear Readers, Today in this post I will provide some basics to advanced ARM's assembly language practice QA part-4, I have used the Keil tool for code writing. Q-1). Write an assembly language program that performs a mode change by modifying the contents of the CPSR. a. The mode you should change to is user mode, and you have to modify the mode field of CPSR by the value of 0x10. b. This assumes that the current mode is a privileged mode such as supervisor mode. Code: ; program which changes the microprocessor mode masking equ 0x1f user_mode equ 0x10 area change, code, readonly entry MRS R0,CPSR; read the status of the microprocessor BIC R0, R0,#masking; apply the masking bit ORR R0,R0,#user_mode ; set the mode user_mode MSR CPSR_C,R0 ; written back with control_field_mask END Output: Q-2). Write an assembly language program that generates S...