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Showing posts from February, 2021

Signal Electromigration (Signal EM): Violations, Examples, and Practical Fixes

  Hello Dear Readers,   Today in this post, I will provide some deep insight into the Signal Electromigration (Signal EM): Violations, Examples, and Practical Fixes. 1. Introduction: As technology nodes shrink into the deep‑submicron and nanometer regime (7nm, 5nm, 3nm and beyond), electromigration (EM) has become a first‑order reliability concern—not only for power/ground (PG) networks but also for signal nets. Signal EM failures are often underestimated because signal currents are transient and bidirectional. However, with higher switching activity, tighter metal pitches, thinner wires, and aggressive timing closure, signal EM can cause latent or early‑life failures if not addressed properly. This article explains: What Signal EM is and how it differs from PG EM Typical Signal EM violation scenarios Detailed, practical examples Root causes behind each violation Proven solutions and best practices to fix and prevent Signal EM issues 2. What is Signal Electromigration: El...
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Designing of the 4 Tap FIR Filter Using Verilog HDL

  Hello Dear Readers, Here I have designed a 4 tap FIR filter using Verilog languages and some parts of the Python language to just print the input and output samples that are generating Verilog HDL. So Let's see the Code of the complete system. So first of all FIR filter is a system which transfer function has a finite number of impulsive points corresponding to the type of the filters such as high pass, low pass, bandpass, etc... so it has generally two types of structure as shown in the below, FIR Filter Structures: Here I have used the first structure in which first multiply input samples with impulse responses so without delay products is available now we give delays to that data means here we have implemented shifted adder for MAC operation of the digital filter. Verilog Code: module fir_4tap(input Clk,input signed [7:0] Xin,output reg signed [15:0] Yout);     //Internal variables. wire signed   [7:0] H0,H1,H2,H3; wire signed   [15:0] MCM_bl...
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Design of the 3 Stage Pipeline Microprocessor Using Verilog

  Hello Dear Readers, First of all thanks for giving motivation on my first of designing microprocessor.  DESIGN OF THE SINGLE CYCLE MICROPROCESSOR USING VERILOG HDL . So now in this post, i will explain the 3 stages of the pipeline microprocessors namely the Fetch Unit , Decode Unit , and Execute Unit . So Let's start designing based on the specification given below. Stage-1: Fetch Unit Fetch Unit comprises half-word addressable instruction memory. It takes PC as input and gives the instruction as an output. PC is also incremented by PC=PC+1. Stage-2: Decode Unit Decode Unit reads the fetched instruction and decodes the address of two source operands and destination register. Also, it generates the immediate data. Register Bank reads the value of source operands (Rs1 and Rs2) at negative level of the clock, and writes the data in the destination register (Rd) at positive level of clock. Control Unit uses 4-bit opcode bits to determine the type of instruction.  Stage-3: E...
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Design of the Single Cycle Microprocessor Using Verilog HDL

Hello Dear Readers, Here I have uploaded my designed single cycle 8-bit CISC microprocessor using Verilog HDL. So Let's see and try your own as per your specification.   First of all, as we know CISC microprocessor has separate instruction memory and data memory so here I have make two text file for that and then designed one by one block of the microprocessor such as clock generation, ALU(Arithmetic Logical Unit), File reading as well as writing back, ...etc. Verilog Code: module microprocessor1(); reg reset; reg clock; reg [7:0] Dmem[0:255];// data memory array for the data file stored reg [31:0] Imem[0:255];// instruction memory array for the instruction stored reg [7:0] pc; // 8-bit program counter reg [31:0] instruction; // 32-bit Instruction Register reg [7:0] opcode; // 8-bit opcode reg [7:0] destAddr; // 8-bit Destination Address reg [7:0] src1Addr; // 8-bit Source Address #1 reg [7:0] src2Addr; // 8-bit Source Address #2 reg [7:0] src1Data; // 8-bit Source Data #1 reg [7:...
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