Hello Dear Readers, Today in this post, I will provide some deep insight into the Signal Electromigration (Signal EM): Violations, Examples, and Practical Fixes. 1. Introduction: As technology nodes shrink into the deep‑submicron and nanometer regime (7nm, 5nm, 3nm and beyond), electromigration (EM) has become a first‑order reliability concern—not only for power/ground (PG) networks but also for signal nets. Signal EM failures are often underestimated because signal currents are transient and bidirectional. However, with higher switching activity, tighter metal pitches, thinner wires, and aggressive timing closure, signal EM can cause latent or early‑life failures if not addressed properly. This article explains: What Signal EM is and how it differs from PG EM Typical Signal EM violation scenarios Detailed, practical examples Root causes behind each violation Proven solutions and best practices to fix and prevent Signal EM issues 2. What is Signal Electromigration: El...
Hello Dear Readers, Today in this post I will provide some basics to advanced ARM's assembly language practice QA part-2, I have used the Keil tool for code writing. Q-1). Write an assembly language program for storing the sum of first ‘n=6’ terms of the series 1,4,9,16,25….. Code: ; program for the addition of the n=6 series area sum_series, code,readonly entry mov r2,#0 mov r0,#6 loop muls r1,r0,r0 ; multiply square number add r2,r2,r1 ; whole sum is stored on register "r2" subs r0,r0,#1 bne loop end Output: Q-2). Write an assembly language program to find the maximum of 3 numbers and store it at location 0x5000. Code: ; program to find maximum number of 3 and store in memory area max, code, readonly entry ldr r0,=data ldr r3,=0x5000 ldr r4,=0x03 ;create a loop of 3 ldr r1,[r0, #4] sub r4,r4,#1 again ldr r2,[r0] ...